Cách đọc ký hiệu toán học và khoa học trong tiếng Anh

Common pronunciations (in British English – Gimson,1981) of mathematical and scientific symbols are given in the list below.

Symbols

+	plus	/’plʌs/
–	minus	/’maɪnəs/
±	plus or minus	/’plʌs  ɔ:  ‘maɪnəs/
x	multiplied by	/’mʌltɪplaɪd baɪ/
/	over; divided by	/’əʊvə/ /dɪ’vaɪdəd/
÷	divided	/dɪ’vaɪdəd/
=	equals	/’ɪ:kwəlz/
≈	approximately, similar	/ə’prɒksɪmətlɪ/ /’sɪmɪlə tʊ/
≡	equivalent to; identical	/ɪk’wɪvələnt tʊ/ /aɪ’dentɪkl tʊ/
≠	not equal to	/’nɒt ‘iːkwəl tʊ/
>	greater than	/’greɪtə ðən/
<	less than	/’les ðən/
≥	greater than or equal to	/’greɪtə ðən ər ‘iːkwəl tʊ/
≤	less than or equal to	/’les ðən ər’ iːkwəl tʊ/
⊁	not greater than	/’nɒt ‘greɪtə ðən/
⊀	not less than	/’nɒt ‘les ðən/
≫	much greater than	/’mʌʧ ‘greɪtə ðən/
≪	much less than	/’mʌʧ ‘les ðən/
⊥	perpendicular to	/pɜːpən’dɪkjʊlə tʊ/
∣∣	parallel to	/’pærəlel tʊ/
≢	not equivalent to, not identical to	/’nɒt ɪk’wɪvələnt tʊ/ /’nɒt aɪ’dentɪkl tʊ/
≄≉	not similar to	/’nɒt ‘sɪmɪlə tʊ/
²	squared	/’skweəd/
³	cubed	/’kju:bd/
4	to the fourth;  to the power four	/tə ðə ‘fɔːθ/ /te ðə ‘pɑʊə fɔː/
n	to the n; to the nth; to the power n	/tə ðɪ en; tə dɪ enθ; tə ðə pɑʊər en/
√	root; square root	/ru:t/ /skweə ru:t/
∛	cube root	/kju:b ru:t/
∜	fourth root	/fɔːθ ruːt/
!	factorial	/fæk’tɔːrɪəl/
%	percent	/pə’sent/
∞	infinity	/ɪn’fɪnətɪ/
∝	varies as; proportional to	/’vɛərɪz/  /prə’pɔːʃənəl/
˙	dot	/dɒt/
¨	double dot	/dʌbl dɒt/
:	is to, ratio of	/reɪʃɪəʊ/
f(x) fx	f; function	/ef/ /’fʌŋkʃən/
f'(x)	f dash; derivative	/dæʃ/ /dɪ’rɪvətɪv/
f”x	f double-dash; second derivative	/’dʌbl dæʃ/ /’sekənd dɪ’rɪvətɪv/
f”'(x)	f triple-dash; f treble-dash; third derivative	/’trɪpl dæʃ/ / trebl dæʃ/ /θɜ:d dɪ’rɪvətɪv/
f(4)	f four; fourth derivative	/fɔːθ dɪ’rɪvətɪv/
∂	partial derivative, delta	/paːʃəl dɪ’rɪvətɪv/ /deltə/
∫	integral	/’ɪntɪgrəl/
∑	sum	/sʌm/
w.r.t.	with respect to	/wɪð ‘rɪspekt/
log	log	/lɒg/
log₂x	log to the base 2 of x	/lɒg tə ðə beɪs tu: əv eks/
∴	therefore	/’ðɛəfɔː/
∵	because	/bɪ’kɒz/
→	gives, leads to, approaches	/gɪvz/ /li:dz tʊ/ /əprəʊʧəz/
/	per	/pɜ:/
∈	belongs to; a member of;  an element of	/bɪ’lɒŋz/ /’membə/ /’elɪmənt/
∉	does not belong to; is not a member of; is not an element of	/nɒt bɪ’lɒŋ/ /nɒt ə ‘membə/ /nɒt ən ‘elɪmənt/
⊂	contained in;  a proper subset of	/kən’teɪnd ɪn/ /’prɒpə ‘sʌbset/
⊆	contained in; subset	/’sʌbset/
⋂	intersection	/’ɪntəsekʃən/
⋃	union	/’juːnɪən/
∀	for all	/fə rɔ:l/
cos x	cos x; cosine x	/kɒz/
sin x	sine x	/saɪn/
tan x	tangent x	/tan/
cosec x	cosec x	/’kəʊsek/
sinh x	shine x	/’ʃaɪn/
cosh x	cosh x	/’kɒʃ/
tanh x	than x	/θæn/
|x|	mod x; modulus x	/mɒd/ /’mɒdjʊləs/
℃	degrees Centigrade	/dɪ’gri:z ‘sentɪgreɪd/
℉	degrees Fahrenheit	/dɪ’gri:z ‘færənhaɪt/
°K	degrees Kelvin	/dɪ’gri:z ‘kelvɪn/
0°K, –273.15 °C	absolute zero	/absəlu:t zi:rəʊ/
mm	millimetre	/’mɪlɪmiːtə/
cm	centimetre	/’sentɪmiːtə/
cc, cm³	cubic centimetre, centimetre cubed	/’kjuːbɪk ‘sentɪmiːtə/ /’sentɪmiːtə ‘kju:bd/
m	metre	/’miːtə/
km	kilometre	/kɪ’lɒmɪtə/
mg	milligram	/’mɪlɪgræm/
g	gram	/græm/
kg	kilogram	/’kɪləgræm/
AC	A.C.	/eɪ si:/
DC	D.C.	/di: si:/

^

Examples

x + 1	x plus one
x -1	x minus one
x ± 1	x plus or minus one
xy	x y;  x times y; x multiplied by y
(x — y)(x + y)	x minus y, x plus y
x/y	x over y;  x divided by y;
x ÷ y	x divided by y
x = 5	x equals 5;  x is equal to 5
x ≈ y	x is approximately equal to y
x ≡ y	x is equivalent to y;  x is identical with y
x ≠ y	x is not equal to y
x > y	x is greater than y
x < y	x is less than y
x ≥ y	x is greater than or equal to y
x ≤ y	x is less than or equal to y
0 < x < 1	zero is less than x is less than 1; x is greater than zero and less than 1
0 ≤ x ≤ 1	zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1; x is greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal to 1
x²	x squared
x³	x cubed
x4	x to the fourth;  x to the power four
xn	x to the n; x to the nth;  x to the power n
x-n	x to the minus n;  x to the power of minus n
√	root x; square root x; the square root of x
∛	the cube root of x
∜	the fourth root of x
	the nth root of x
(x + y)²	x plus y all squared
(x/y)²	x over y all squared
n!	n factorial; factorial n
x%	x percent
∞	infinity
x ∝ y	x varies as y; x is (directly) proportional to y
x ∝ 1/y	x varies as one over y; x is indirectly proportional to y
ẋ	x dot
ẍ	x double dot
f(x) fx	f of x; the function of x
f'(x)	f dash x; the (first) derivative of with respect to x
f”x	f double-dash x; the second derivative of f with respect to x
f”'(x)	f triple-dash x; f treble-dash x; the third derivative of f with respect to x
f(4)	f four x; the fourth derivative of f with respect to x
∂v	the partial derivative of v
∂v ∂θ	delta v by delta theta, the partial derivative of v with respect to θ
∂²v ∂θ²	delta two v by delta theta squared; the second partial derivative of v with respect to θ
dv	the derivative of v
dv dθ	d v by d theta, the derivative of v with respect to theta
d²v dθ²	d 2 v by d theta squared, the second derivative of v with respect to theta,
∫	integral
	integral from zero to infinity
∑	sum
	the sum from i equals 1 to n
w.r.t.	with respect to
logey	log to the base e of y; log y to the base e; natural log (of) y
∴	therefore
∵	because
→	gives, approaches
Δx → 0	delta x approaches zero
lim Δx→0	the limit as delta x approaches zero, the limit as delta x tends to zero
Lt Δx→0	the limit as delta x approaches zero, the limit as delta x tends to zero
m/sec	metres per second
x ∈ A	x belongs to A; x is a member of A; x is an element of A
x∉ A	x does not belong to A; x is not  a member of A; x is not an element of A
A⊂ B	A is contained in B; A is a proper subset of B
A ⊆ B	A is contained in B; A is a subset of B
A ⋂ B	A intersection B
A ⋃ B	A union B
cos x	cos x; cosine x
sin x	sine x
tan x	tangent x, tan x
cosec x	cosec x
sinh x	shine x
cosh x	cosh x
tanh x	than x
|x|	mod x; modulus x
18 ℃	eighteen degrees Centigrade
70 ℉	seventy degrees Fahrenheit

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